Standard English Definition and Examples

Standard English is a controversial term for a form of the English language that is written and spoken by educated users. Abbreviation: SE. Also known as  Standard Written English (SWE). According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), the term Standard English resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to. Examples and Observations The term Standard English refers to both an actual variety of language and an idealized norm of English acceptable in many social situations. As a language variety, Standard English is the language used in most public discourse and in the regular operation of American social institutions. The news media, the government, the legal profession, and the teachers in our schools and universities all view Standard English as their proper mode of communication, primarily in expository and argumentative writing, but also in public speaking.Standard English is thus different from what is normally thought of as speech in that Standard English must be taught, whereas children learn to speak naturally without being taught.(The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin, 2005We need to know Standard English, but we need to know it critically, analytically, and in the context of language history. We also need to understand the regularity of non-standard variants. If w e approach good and bad grammar in this way, the study of language will be a liberating factor—not merely freeing learners from socially stigmatized usage by replacing that usage with new linguistic manners, but educating people in what language and linguistic manners are all about.(Edwin L. Battistella, Bad Language: Are Some Words Better Than Others? Oxford University Press, 2005 Tacit Conventions of Usage [T]he conventions of linguistic usage are tacit. The rules of standard English are not legislated by a tribunal but emerge as an implicit consensus within a virtual community of writers, readers, and editors. That consensus can change over time in a process as unplanned and uncontrollable as the vagaries of fashion. No official ever decided that respectable men and women were permitted to doff their hats and gloves in the 1960s or to get pierced and tattooed in the 1990s—nor could any authority with powers short of Mao Zedong have stopped these changes. In a similar manner, centuries of respectable writers have shrugged off long-forgotten edicts by self-appointed guardians of the language, from Jonathan Swift’s denunciation of banter, mob, and sham to Strunk and White’s disparaging of to personalize, to contact, and six people (as opposed to six persons).(Steven Pinker, False Fronts in the Language Wars. Slate, May 31, 2012 The Convenience of Standard English [Standard English is that] particular variety of English which is regarded by educated people as appropriate for most types of public  discourse, including most broadcasting, almost all publication, and virtually all conversation with anyone other than intimates... Standard English is not entirely uniform around the globe: for example, American users of standard English say the first floor and Ive just gotten a letter and write center and color, while British users say ground floor and Ive just got a letter and write centre and colour. But these regional differences are few in comparison with the very high degree of agreement about which forms should count as standard. Nevertheless, standard English, like all living languages, changes over time...It is important to realize that standard English is in no way intrinsically superior to any other variety of English: in particular, it is not more logical, more grammatical, or more expressive. It is, at the bottom, a convenience: the use of a single agreed standard form, learned by speakers everywhere, minimizes uncertainty, confusion, misunderstanding, and communicative difficulty generally.(R.L. Trask, Dictionary of English Grammar. Penguin, 2000 Origins of Standard English By far the most influential factor in the rise of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Standard English was the importance of London as the capital of England...London English took as well as gave. It began as a Southern and ended as a Midland dialect. By the 15th century, there had come to prevail in the East Midlands a fairly uniform dialect, and the language of London agrees in all important respects with it. We can hardly doubt that the importance of the eastern counties...is largely responsible for this change. Even such Northern characteristics as are found in the standard speech seem to have entered by way of these counties. The history of Standard English is almost a history of London English. (Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, 2002)Half-way through the 17th century, the lexicographer Thomas Blount declares that the Babel of the vernacular made England a self-stranger nation—one growing alien to itself through this diversity of available forms. He dedicates his dictionary of 1656 to the cause of having English Englished. Arguably, in this context, it is not the rise of a standard variety of language, but a new awareness of dialect and variability of discourse—the self-stranger English of the Renaissance—that best defines the linguistic culture of early modern England. (Paula Blank, The Babel of Renaissance English. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University Press, 2006 Varieties of Standard English [T]here is no such thing (at present) as a Standard English which is not British or American or Australian, etc. There is no International Standard (yet), in the sense that publishers cannot currently aim at a standard which is not locally bound.(Gunnel Melchers and Philip Shaw, World Englishes: An Introduction. Arnold, 2003)

The Supreme Court Is The Highest Of All Courts - 969 Words

The Supreme Court is the highest of all courts and is provided with the authority to decide whether or not state, federal, and local governments are acting within the law. The judicial branches authority is stated in United States Constitution Article III, which outlines the Supreme Courts appellate and original jurisdiction and congressional limitations for those accused of treason (Ushistory.org, 2015, p. 9a) However, judicial review to interpret the Constitution and strike down the actions of the legislative and executive branches is not noted in the Constitution. Instead, judicial review came about in the case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 when Chief Justice John Marshall pointed out that it was necessary for the Supreme Court to have the power to determine what the law is and overturn unconstitutional legislation and executive actions instead of through political bargaining (Hass, 2016). Since Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court has expanded its power of review as the final wo rd to interpret controversial issues to make sure they coincide with the constitution as the supreme law of the land. Nevertheless, the case of Marbury v. Madison ensued after President Adams left office, but before doing so, he appointed several judges in a power struggle between the Federalists and Non-federalists (Ushistory.org, 2015). Adams was able to do this because Article II of the Constitution provides the President the opportunity to appoint judges to preside for life as approved byShow MoreRelated Courts Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages The jurisdiction of the federal courts is defined in Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution, as extending in law and equity to all cases arising under the Constitution and federal legislation; to controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party, including those arising from treaties with other governments; to admiralty and maritime cases; to controversies between states; to controversies between a state, or its citizens, and foreign g overnments or their subjects; and to controversies betweenRead MoreContrasts and Comparisons Between State and Federal Court Systems773 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own court systems. Therefore, while the Constitution states that the federal government is supreme with regard to those powers delegated to it, the states remain supreme in matters reserved to them. Both the federal and state governments need their own court systems to apply and interpret their laws which are done by specifically spelling out the jurisdiction of their respective court systems. U.S. District Courts, U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court are all one typeRead MoreThe Canadian Criminal Justice System1219 Words   |  5 Pagesconsists of policing, courts, corrections and parole. The component of the Canadian Criminal Justice System that will be discussed is about the process and function of the courts. The criminal courts are responsible for determining the guilt or innocence of the person that is accused (Griffiths, 2015, p.147). As well as the courts are supposed to conclude the appropriate sentence while protecting their rights of the accused. The outcome that comes from the criminal courts is that the judgementRead MoreProposed Court System For Puerto Rico982 Words   |  4 PagesProposed Court System for Puerto Rico The justice system is a deep one and has its roots fixed on the judicial branch of most governments. The judicial branch is bestowed with the function of interpreting the law. This function is bestowed in it by most constitutions of most countries. The reason behind this is to uphold the doctrine of separation of powers and to also ensure that everyone gets a fair trial where he or she gets a chance to be heard according to the rules and laws of formal justiceRead MoreAmerican Courts And Substantive Law1343 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican courts and substantive law? We have learned that there are many parts of the American courts. Each court has its own responsibility, in this paper I will specify all of the responsibilities and the courts, state and federal, I will also identify the difference between them for better understanding. Furthermore I will continue to go into detail and state what I have learned about American courts and substantive law. There are four main federal courts in America; The United states Supreme CourtRead MoreAustralian Court Hierarchy1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Court Hierarchy is a very important word in the law world in modern society. Its definition gives a very clear and concise meaning to the law industry. The phrase can be split into two words to be easily dealt and understood. The word court is from a Greek derivative cohors or cohort meaning courtyard or retinue. Its definition from the dictionary certainly portrays the law as a very important and distinguished practice. a. A person or body of persons whose task is to hear andRead MoreThe United States Federal Courts1306 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Federal Courts of today, are vastly different from what they were when our country was first beginning. The courts of the federal system today, are designed in a hierarchical manner, with the United States Supreme Court sitting as the highest court in the land, and as the court of las t appeal (Neubauer Fradella, 2008). While there are several different courts, which make up the federal system, there are laid out in a way that allows for an avenue of appeals for a courts decisions. TheseRead MoreWhat Is The Supreme Court Website1021 Words   |  5 Pages Kent College of Law United States Supreme Court Website referred to as â€Å"Oyez† provides information about the United States Supreme Court. The â€Å"Oyez† website is a free law project from Cornell’s Legal Information Institute , Chicago-Kent College of Law and Justia.com, is a multimedia website devoted to making the Supreme Court of the United States accessible to everyone (Oyez, 2017). The â€Å"Oyez† project offers transcripts that are organized and searchable audio, plain English case summaries, illustratedRead MoreStructure of the Federal Court System1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthe states or to the people as individuals. It is, in its own words, â€Å"the supreme Law of the Land† (Shmoop Editorial Team). The first proposals to this new plan were the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan called for a separation of powers among the government’s three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Some states proposed this idea and came up with the New Jersey Plan, which called for all of the states to have equal representation from Congress. In order to moveRead MoreShould The Language Of The Constitution Be Applied?1135 Words   |  5 Pagesare the supreme law of the land, if this didn’t exist then states would have more power over the federal government. 1 Describe the difference between the state limited-jurisdiction courts and general jurisdiction courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Limited jurisdiction courts only have jurisdiction in specific in only well-defined areas of law. General jurisdiction courts have general jurisdiction over all subject matters within their local jurisdiction. 2 What are the functions of the state intermediate courts and the

Changing Roles Responsibilities Traditional -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Changing Roles Responsibilities Traditional? Answer: Introduction Michael Chiozza is the chairman of the company and that company works in the power generation, mining sector and information technology and he shows disappointment as the executive staff of the company has failed to implement to any project methodology (Larson and Gray 2013). He has ordered to implement a project methodology. This presentation will highlight agile project methodology and its various aspects by which Michael Chiozzas company can be greatly benefitted. The lifecycle associates the following phases-initiation, planning, execution, control and closure. Lifecycle of Agile Project Management The first step involves the initiation. auditing, the strategy behind the execution of the project is discussed. Here the team selection is done (Tripathi and Goyal 2014). It is the responsibility of the respective enterprise to appoint a project manager who can assist them in building a project methodology that can enhance the projects they undertake. The next phase contains the planning for the project. The planning contains the detailed breakdown of the project tasks and the risks have been analysed and based on the risks proper management is scheduled and based on that the mitigation procedures are initiated (Conforto et al 2014). Execution and Control The planned objectives are implemented in this phase and it is noticed whether the project methodologies are properly followed or not, whether the project is properly getting executed tested and gets reviewed. If everything is fine the project further proceeds. If any failure incurs then the failures are assessed and then the control measures are taken to mitigate those risks within and after all that the final testing is performed whether the whole task or the whole project has worked well accordingly or not (Layton and Ostermiller 2017). Thus the productivity can be measured. The executive officer must implement this project methodology as this can assist in bringing the maximum productivity of the company. This can also assure that the project has been done in accounting with the agile project methodology and the project has been successful so far and it is expected that it will complete successfully. A written document must be prepared to support the project (Schwalbe 2015). The formal document must contain the formal acceptance that the final Project Methodologies Policies and Procedures Project Methodologies Policies The project management methodologies contain the following responsibilities- Corporate Responsibility The project manager is responsible to cater the following policies- Efficient implementation of the policy Continual delivery of service Consult with the employees on the management of the ongoing project and should take decision accordingly (Serrador and Pinto 2015). Management Responsibility Here the project manager is responsible to detect whether the project is performed in accordance with the compliance of the agile project methodology (Hoda and Murugesan 2016). It must be ensured that the employees are working in accordance with the project methodologies if it is not followed then the project will fail miserably. Employee Responsibility It must be ensured that the procedures followed within the office premises must be reasonable and are appropriate. The employees should have sound knowledge of the respective methodologies and should work on it accordingly. That can result in maximum productivity. of the company (Lin et al. 2014). The employees should communicate with each other, the discussion should be constructive and should be project focused. Standardization of project methodology procedures The agile working style involves the fast and efficient performance of a project in collaboration with the managers and the employees. Both the managers and the employees should be aware of the standards and they must follow the standards only then a project can execute successfully (Chou, Tzeng and Yu 2015). The working deadline, the working patterns and varied arrangement for the project must be taken into consideration in this procedure. Criteria to be used for the working arrangements All the employees of the organisations must abide by the regulations of agile methodology and should agree to all the factors and the aspects of the agile methodology. The manager and employees should consider the factors and should agree with those project methodologies factors (Kerzner 2013). Only the cooperation between the employees and the managers can assist to conduct the business in agile and effective manner. The factors that everyone should look upon- The capability to meet the customer demand. The work performance and the quality of work. The financial considerations It should be considered that the project can be carried out inside the office premises or outside the office premises (pundak 2014). The employees who are willing to take the agile project related tasks must discuss with the superiors and then must start to work on the project. Communication and contact The managers and the employees must stay in contact with each other as that can enhance the relationship between the two (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). The appropriate channels must be developed to facilitate the communication and this can enhance the project quality. Agile Project Methodologies Mechanism The Agile Project methodology contains the following methodologies- Agile Scrum Methodology: sprints, roles and artifacts The agile project methodology is based upon the systematic interactions and the three major roles must be considered- The Team, The Scrum Master and the Product Owner. The Scrum Master is the primary figure of the project and he takes the maximum responsibility to remove all the barriers and the issues relevant to the project and that can assist to confirm the project in an effective manner. The Product Owner is generally the stakeholder who caters the feedback in time for the product or the project thus helps to execute the project in a more efficient manner (Conforto and Amaral 2016). The Scrum Master is the team who implements the product and the project execution. The Project Team must contain seven members and they are focused onto cater the flexible and the productive service. Sprint is the short development cycle that is necessary to develop a shippable product increment. The sprint usually takes one to four weeks time to execute the project (Machado, Pinheiro and Tamanini 2015). The Scrum is basically dependent on the three main artifacts and they are used to arrange the requirements and track the progress of Sprint burndown chart, product backlog and the sprint backlog. Kanban Kanban the powerful initiative that enhances the development of the software products. Once the team gets completed the team can take the next project arranged in the timeline (Floricel et al. 2014). The development procedures of the project can be greatly embellished by work in progress (WIP) that is prioritized by Kanban. The development procedures offer more flexibility better and agile turnaround, clear objectives and the transparency (Leach 2014). Scrum requires the fixed iterations but Kanban does not require any kind of fixed iterations. The development of the project is based on the workflow visualisation of Kanban board. Eliminating waste in software engineering Lean is another used agile approach and is used in the physical manufacturing procedures. It basically depends on the seven principles- Elimination of waste Delivery as fast as possible Empowering the team Building integrity and quality (Galvan et al. 2015) Enhance knowledg Decide as late as possible The requirements for continued professional development for project team members and rest of the staffs The enterprise must adopt the agile approach that has been successful in recent times and the companies have been benefitted by the Agile approach (Conforto et al. 2016). Michael Chiozza' company must adopt the agile approach that has been proved successful. That approach can enhance the productivity of the company. The Agile Project management and DSDM Atern have initiated the certification procedures and this certification can assist many aspirants who are willing to take up job in the field of project management and also those who are working on the project and wants to embellish the project quality (Dyb, Dingsyr and Moe 2014). The certification procedures can assist in the recruitment procedures, it can help to filter and identify the human resource pool for hiring. The Agile Project Management can improve the working process of the company, thus the employees should have sound knowledge of the agile project methodology. Thus they should learn from the educators the various aspects of Agile Project methodology so that they can apply the thoughts on the live project of the company (Kautz, Johansen and Uldahl 2014). The employees can learn from the certifications as well. This can enhance the confidence of the employees as well. Recognised best practice: The Project managers can take the effective decision for their companys projects, this can save a lot of time and this can also increase the productivity (Conforto et al. 2014). The following of project methodology can help them to build a healthy relationship with the employees as well and this can enhance better understanding between them as well. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that the agile project methodology can help them to achieve the desired productivity. The project methodology can enhance decision-making, can increase the workforce's efficiency. The presentation has highlighted the lifecycle of the Agile project methodology, has also focused on the policies and the procedures of the agile methodologies, the standardization of policies and procedures. The mechanism has also been grandstand in the project as well. Lastly, how agile methodology can embellish the professional development cycle has been detailed in the presentation. References Chou, S.Y., Tzeng, G.H. and Yu, C.C., 2015, July. A Novel Hybrid Multiple Attribute Decision marketing Procedure for Aspired Agile Application. InISPE CE(pp. 152-161). Conforto, E.C. and Amaral, D.C., 2016. Agile project management and stage-gate modelA hybrid framework for technology-based companies.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,40, pp.1-14. Conforto, E.C., Amaral, D.C., da Silva, S.L., Di Felippo, A. and Kamikawachi, D.S.L., 2016. The agility construct on project management theory.International Journal of Project Management,34(4), pp.660-674. Conforto, E.C., Salum, F., Amaral, D.C., da Silva, S.L. and de Almeida, L.F.M., 2014. Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?.Project Management Journal,45(3), pp.21-34. Crowder, J.A. and Friess, S., 2015.Agile project management: managing for success. Springer International Publishing. Dyb, T., Dingsyr, T. and Moe, N.B., 2014. Agile project management. InSoftware project management in a changing world(pp. 277-300). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Floricel, S., Bonneau, C., Aubry, M. and Sergi, V., 2014. Extending project management research: Insights from social theories.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), pp.1091-1107. Galvan, S., Mora, M., OConnor, R.V., Acosta, F. and Alvarez, F., 2015. A compliance analysis of agile methodologies psychology ISO/IEC 29110 project management process.Procedia Computer Science,64, pp.188-195. Hoda, R. and Murugesan, L.K., 2016. Multi-level agile project management challenges: A self-organizing team perspective.Journal of Systems and Software,117, pp.245-257. Kautz, K., Johansen, T.H. and Uldahl, A., 2014, June. Creating business value through agile project management and information systems development: The perceived impact of Scrum. InInternational Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT(pp. 150-165). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Layton, M.C. and Ostermiller, S.J., 2017.Agile project management for dummies. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Lin, J., Yu, H., Shen, Z. and Miao, C., 2014, September. Studying task allocation decisions of novice agile teams with data from agile project management tools. InProceedings of the 29th ACM/IEEE international conference on Automated software engineering(pp. 689-694). ACM. Machado, T.C.S., Pinheiro, P.R. and Tamanini, I., 2015. Project management aided by verbal decision analysis approaches: a case study for the selection of the best SCRUM practices.International Transactions in Operational Research,22(2), pp.287-312. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Serrador, P. and Pinto, J.K., 2015. Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1040-1051. pundak, M., 2014. Mixed agile/traditional project management methodologyreality or illusion?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, pp.939-948. Tripathi, V. and Goyal, A.K., 2014. Changing Roles and Responsibilities from Traditional project management to Agile project management.International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN, pp.2321-8169.